Web accessibility gaps in the Global South: Who gets left behind?

The study identifies multiple factors contributing to poor web accessibility in the Global South. One of the primary barriers is the heavy reliance on mobile internet access. Unlike desktop environments, mobile interfaces introduce unique accessibility challenges, such as small screen sizes, touch-based interactions, and inconsistent website layouts. Many developers, particularly in low-resource settings, lack the expertise or tools to ensure mobile-friendly accessibility compliance.

The expansion of internet access in the Global South has heightened the urgency of addressing web accessibility challenges. With mobile phones serving as the primary means of online access for millions, ensuring inclusive digital environments is critical for economic and social participation. Despite global efforts to establish web accessibility standards, many regions continue to struggle with widespread accessibility violations.

A recent study titled "Non-Western Perspectives on Web Inclusivity: A Study of Accessibility Practices in the Global South" by Masudul Hasan Masud Bhuiyan, Matteo Varvello, Cristian-Alexandru Staicu, and Yasir Zaki, submitted on arXiv (2025), presents a comprehensive analysis of web accessibility challenges in the Global South. Evaluating 100,000 websites across 10 countries, the study reveals the systemic barriers to digital inclusion and the urgent need for improved accessibility practices.

The state of web accessibility in the Global South

The study highlights significant disparities in web accessibility compliance across different regions. Countries with strong regulatory frameworks, such as India and Brazil, demonstrate relatively higher adherence to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), whereas nations with weaker enforcement mechanisms, like Bangladesh and Vietnam, exhibit higher rates of accessibility violations. These disparities are exacerbated by a lack of developer awareness and insufficient institutional incentives to prioritize accessibility.

One of the most concerning findings is the disproportionate impact of accessibility failures on blind and low-vision users. The study found that only 40% of the analyzed websites met essential accessibility standards for screen readers, with common violations including missing alt text, improper ARIA descriptions, and inadequate meta-viewport configurations. These oversights severely hinder the ability of visually impaired users to navigate digital spaces effectively. Additionally, users with motor impairments struggle due to small touch targets and poor mobile design, further limiting their access to vital online services.

Systemic barriers to digital inclusion

The study identifies multiple factors contributing to poor web accessibility in the Global South. One of the primary barriers is the heavy reliance on mobile internet access. Unlike desktop environments, mobile interfaces introduce unique accessibility challenges, such as small screen sizes, touch-based interactions, and inconsistent website layouts. Many developers, particularly in low-resource settings, lack the expertise or tools to ensure mobile-friendly accessibility compliance.

Another key issue is the fragmented policy landscape. While WCAG guidelines offer a global framework, enforcement remains inconsistent across regions. Countries that have incorporated accessibility laws into national policies tend to perform better in compliance assessments. For instance, India’s Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016) mandates digital accessibility, whereas other nations still lack clear regulations or enforcement mechanisms. This gap leaves millions of users without essential digital accommodations, reinforcing broader socio-economic inequalities.

The role of developers and technology providers

Developers play a crucial role in shaping the accessibility of digital spaces. However, the study indicates that many developers in the Global South are either unaware of accessibility best practices or deprioritize them due to cost and time constraints. In many cases, accessibility is treated as an afterthought rather than an integral component of web design. This underscores the need for greater training and awareness initiatives to equip developers with the skills necessary to implement inclusive design principles.

Technology providers, including major platform owners, also have a responsibility to improve accessibility compliance. By integrating automated accessibility checks into content management systems and development tools, these providers can streamline the implementation of accessibility features. Additionally, fostering open-source accessibility solutions tailored to the needs of Global South users could significantly enhance digital inclusivity.

Moving towards a more inclusive web

The study’s findings emphasize the urgent need for a multi-stakeholder approach to improving web accessibility in the Global South. Governments must adopt and enforce stronger digital accessibility regulations, ensuring that websites adhere to internationally recognized standards. Developers should receive targeted training and access to resources that facilitate the implementation of accessible design. Meanwhile, civil society organizations can play a crucial role in advocating for digital inclusion and holding institutions accountable for accessibility failures.

Ultimately, bridging the digital divide requires a concerted effort from policymakers, technologists, and advocacy groups. As the internet continues to shape economic and social opportunities, ensuring equitable access must be a global priority. Addressing web accessibility challenges in the Global South is not only a technical issue but a fundamental human rights concern that demands immediate action.