Examining Gaza's Death Toll Amid Ongoing Conflict

The ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas in Gaza has resulted in over 39,000 Palestinian deaths, primarily civilians, and significant displacement. The Palestinian Health Ministry has detailed methods for calculating the death toll, which has been subject to scrutiny. Israeli and Palestinian authorities offer varying perspectives on the accuracy and control of these figures.

Amid the escalating conflict, Palestinian health authorities report that Israel's ground and air campaign in Gaza has led to over 39,000 deaths, predominantly civilians, driving the majority of the enclave's 2.3 million residents from their homes. The war, which began on Oct. 7 when Hamas militants crossed into Israeli communities, has also seen more than 1,200 Israelis killed, with 253 taken captive in Gaza.

As of Thursday, July 25, the Health Ministry's official count stood at 39,175 Palestinian deaths. This report explores the methodology behind the Palestinian death toll, its reliability, the breakdown of civilians versus fighters killed, and the claims from both sides.

In the initial months, death tolls were calculated by tallying bodies in hospitals, with data including names and identity numbers. As fewer hospitals remained operational, alternative methods were adopted, including online reports by family members. Despite these efforts, the figures may not account for all victims, as many remain under rubble. The Lancet suggested indirect deaths could increase the toll to over 186,000. Despite Hamas running Gaza, the health figures involve multiple authorities. Israel has questioned these numbers, although its military acknowledges their general reliability.