Iran's Legal Defenders Face Arrests; UN Warns of Growing Threat to Justice System

The experts warned that restrictions on independent legal representation leave defendants more vulnerable to arbitrary detention, forced confessions, unfair trials and severe punishments.

United Nations human rights experts have called on Iranian authorities to end the growing intimidation, prosecution and harassment of independent lawyers, warning that these actions are weakening people's ability to defend themselves in court. Lawyers representing human rights defenders and individuals accused in politically sensitive cases reportedly face increasing pressure to carry out their professional responsibilities. The experts warned that restrictions on independent legal representation leave defendants more vulnerable to arbitrary detention, forced confessions, unfair trials and severe punishments.

Between September 2025 and September 2026, at least 135 lawyers in Iran reportedly faced judicial or security measures, including arrests, summonses, imprisonment, professional suspensions, dismissals and travel bans. At least 23 lawyers, including five women, were reportedly arrested during January and February 2026 following nationwide protests. These figures have raised serious concerns about the growing risks faced by legal professionals who defend protesters, challenge government actions or seek justice for people accused of political offences.

Reports suggest that authorities have instructed some lawyers to avoid cases connected to protests, with independent legal representatives facing obstacles when attempting to defend clients in sensitive proceedings. Defendants have reportedly been restricted to court-appointed lawyers during the early stages of investigations, limiting their ability to receive legal assistance from professionals they trust. Independent lawyers have also experienced difficulties meeting clients and accessing case documents, creating additional challenges for individuals seeking a fair trial.

Protest-Related Cases Put Independent Lawyers Under Pressure

Lawyers representing people arrested during demonstrations reportedly face intimidation and interference that can prevent them from carrying out essential legal responsibilities. The experts warned that restricting access to independent counsel during investigations leaves defendants exposed to pressure, possible mistreatment and accusations they may struggle to challenge. When lawyers cannot examine evidence, speak freely with clients or prepare their defence, the possibility of securing a fair hearing becomes increasingly uncertain.

The situation has become particularly concerning for people accused of serious security-related offences, where legal representation can directly affect whether an individual faces imprisonment or even the death penalty. According to the experts, preventing lawyers from performing their duties weakens an important protection against unlawful detention, coerced confessions and unfair judicial decisions. They stressed that intimidation directed at legal professionals also harms families and communities who depend on independent lawyers to protect their fundamental rights.

Lawyer's Arrest Highlights Risks as Women Face Additional Restrictions

The arrest of human rights lawyer Amirsalar Davoudi on 11 October 2026 has become a prominent example of the pressure described by UN experts. Davoudi was arrested after appearing before the Isfahan Revolutionary Court to represent Taraneh and Romina Rahimi, whose cases were connected to the January 2026 protests. According to the experts, Taraneh received a death sentence for moharebeh, meaning enmity against God, and Romina was sentenced to 25 years in prison for aiding and abetting the same offence.

Women working in Iran's legal profession face additional restrictions connected to compulsory hijab requirements and expectations surrounding their appearance. Some have reportedly received warnings, suspensions and disciplinary penalties for alleged improper dress, alongside intimidation and campaigns questioning their morality and professional abilities. Such pressure can threaten their careers and reputations, adding another layer of difficulty for women seeking to practise law independently and represent clients without interference.

Government Interference Raises Concerns About Bar Association Independence

The experts also expressed concern about increasing interference in the independence of Iranian bar associations, which play an important role in regulating the legal profession and protecting lawyers' professional rights. Elections for bar association leadership positions have reportedly been disrupted or cancelled, with candidates considered critical of the authorities prevented from participating. Individuals seeking positions on bar councils must receive approval from the Supreme Disciplinary Court for Judges, reportedly following intelligence checks that raise questions about the independence of these professional bodies.

Iran's judiciary has expanded its own system for licensing legal advisers outside the established bar associations, increasing concerns about government influence over legal representation. Networks associated with institutions such as the Basij have reportedly emerged within the legal profession, adding to concerns about the independence of lawyers and professional organisations. The experts warned that such developments could weaken the ability of bar associations to represent their members freely and protect them against improper interference.

UN experts urged Iranian authorities to ensure that lawyers can represent clients without facing threats, harassment, prosecution or punishment for fulfilling their professional duties. They stressed that independent legal representation is essential for preventing abuses, protecting defendants' rights and maintaining public confidence in judicial proceedings. Their warning highlights the wider consequences of restricting legal professionals, as access to an effective defence, fair trials and the rule of law depend on lawyers being able to work without fear.