EU leaders to strive for unity on China trade imbalance

European Union leaders are set to debate tougher measures to address the bloc's growing €1 billion daily trade deficit with China and reliance on Chinese supplies of rare earths and critical minerals.

European Union leaders will debate ‌new ​and tougher measures on Thursday that could be needed to curb the bloc's growing trade deficit with China and its heavy reliance on the world's second-largest economy for rare earths and other critical supplies.

EU diplomats say there is a gradual convergence of views among the 27 EU ‌members that there is a problem with the goods trade deficit with China, which now amounts to some €1 billion ($1.15 billion) per day. The situation is more critical as transatlantic tariffs diminish access to the U.S. market. "We live in a world of wolves now. We no longer live in a world of pink ponies and rainbows," said one EU diplomat.

China's goods trade surplus with the EU hit €360.6 ‌billion in 2025, a 15% increase on 2024, and has expanded by 10% in the first four months of this year as Chinese firms have sold more to the EU and ‌imported less. Beijing has also exploited its dominance in processing of critical minerals by placing export restrictions on rare earths in April 2025, a response to U.S. President Donald Trump's tariffs that has also hit EU companies.

AGREEMENT ON EU'S CHINA PROBLEM, SPLITS OVER RESPONSE Keenly aware it needs to diversify its trade, the European Union has concluded multiple mineral partnerships and free trade deals with Australia, India and Indonesia in the past year.

EU leaders meeting for a summit in Brussels ⁠are likely to agree ​it needs to go further, diplomats say. They ⁠are expected to ask the European Commission, which oversees the bloc's trade policy, to engage with China while bolstering EU trade defences. There is less unity, however, on how this should be done. Countries like France advocate for a tougher ⁠line, while Germany, the EU's biggest exporter, and Spain, increasingly home to Chinese investments, are more cautious.

"There is a certain convergence of views and a shared analysis, but nuances come in when it comes to how to ​respond to this," a second diplomat said. "We need to get it right, because otherwise we are stuck with our industry being stuck with the second-largest economy in the world." The ⁠split was exposed last month when France, Italy, the Netherlands and Lithuania said in a joint paper the EU should look into a new measure to limit over-reliance on single foreign countries, possibly with additional duties or quotas to protect domestic producers.

Spain ⁠had ​initially been listed as a signatory, but then publicly distanced itself from the paper. EU trade defences are already focused on China. Of 21 new anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations, 18 target Chinese producers. The bloc has also imposed additional duties on imported electric vehicles made in China since 2024, sparking Chinese retaliation on EU dairy products and brandy.

Critics say the EU needs to speed up ⁠investigations and prioritise cases, rather than handling them purely on a first-come-first-served basis. They also argue the cases are too narrow in scope and say Chinese producers can often overcome tariffs. The Commission said ⁠Chinese EV imports did fall following the tariffs, but ⁠Chinese producers simply shipped more hybrid vehicles instead. EV imports have also rebounded in the first quarter of this year.

The EU executive is due to conduct a broad review of trade defences in the third quarter and has mooted potential new measures to tackle overcapacity and overreliance on ‌single suppliers - notably China. For sensitive ‌sectors, EU companies may be required to find three possible sources. ($1 = 0.8689 euros)